1. Dynamic Ram
2. Read Only Memory And Random Access Memory
3. Random Access Memory Daft Punk
4. Function Random Access Memory
5. Difference Between Serial And Random Access Memory Typescript

Ram stands for random access memory. It is very fast and is used as temporary storage for files the computer is working with at that given moment, think of it as the top of your desk. A hard drive is the permanent storage of the computer, it's where all the files are stored. It's not as fast as RAM, think of it as the filing cabinet or desk draw. RAM, or random access memory, is a kind of computer memory in which any byte of memory can be accessed without needing to access the previous bytes as well. RAM is a volatile medium for storing digital data, meaning the device needs to be powered on for the RAM to work. DRAM, or Dynamic RAM, is the most widely used RAM. Difference Between Serial And Random Access Memory Wikipedia. 5/30/2017 0 Comments. There are two types of Random Access Memory or RAM, each has its own advantages.

With respect to the way of data access we can classify memories as: - random access memories (RAM), - sequentially accessible memory (SAM), - direct access memory (DAM), - contents addressable memory (CAM). Access time - the interval of time between the instant of data read/write request, and the. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. Physically, it is a series of chips in. The computer can access anything. If your computer says you are low on memory. It is important to know the difference between these two types of memory. What Is the Difference Between Random Access Memory. The opposite of RAM is serial access memory. Sequential access memory In computing, sequential access memory ( SAM ) is a class of data storage devices that read stored data in a sequence. This is in contrast to random access memory (RAM) where data can be accessed in any order. RAM is considered 'random access' because you can access any memory cell directly if you know. SRAM: Static random access memory uses multiple transistors, typically four to six, for each memory cell but doesn't have a capacitor in each cell. Difference Between Serial And Random Access Memory Types In C Difference Between Serial And Random.

Random-access memory (RAM/ræm/) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.^[1][2] A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.

RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, and RAM devices often have multiple data lines and are said to be '8-bit' or '16-bit', etc. devices.

In today's technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuit (IC) chips with MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) memory cells. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAMmodules), where stored information is lost if power is removed, although non-volatile RAM has also been developed.^[3] Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow write operations or have other kinds of limitations on them. These include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.

The two main types of volatile random-access semiconductor memory are static random-access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Commercial uses of semiconductor RAM date back to 1965, when IBM introduced the SP95 SRAM chip for their System/360 Model 95 computer, and Toshiba used DRAM memory cells for its Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator, both based on bipolar transistors. Commercial MOS memory, based on MOS transistors, was developed in the late 1960s, and has since been the basis for all commercial semiconductor memory. The first commercial DRAM IC chip, the Intel 1103, was introduced in October 1970. Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) later debuted with the Samsung KM48SL2000 chip in 1992.

• 1History
• 6Other uses of RAM
• 9Timeline

History

Early computers used relays, mechanical counters^[4] or delay lines for main memory functions. Ultrasonic delay lines could only reproduce data in the order it was written. Drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items required knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed. Latches built out of vacuum tubetriodes, and later, out of discrete transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data; generally only a few dozen or few hundred bits of such memory could be provided.

The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in 1947. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June 1948.^[5] In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory.^[6][7]

Magnetic-core memory was invented in 1947 and developed up until the mid-1970s. It became a widespread form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each ring's magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring. Since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible. Magnetic core memory was the standard form of computer memory system until displaced by solid-stateMOS (metal-oxide-silicon) semiconductor memory in integrated circuits (ICs) during the early 1970s.^[8]

Prior to the development of integrated read-only memory (ROM) circuits, permanent (or read-only) random-access memory was often constructed using diode matrices driven by address decoders, or specially wound core rope memory planes.^{[citation needed]}

Semiconductor RAM

Semiconductor memory began in the 1960s with bipolar memory, which used bipolar transistors. While it improved performance, it could not compete with the lower price of magnetic core memory.^[9] The invention of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959,^[10] led to the development of MOS semiconductor memory by John Schmidt at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1964.^[8][11] In addition to higher performance, MOS memory was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory.^[8] The development of silicon-gate MOS integrated circuit (IC) technology by Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS memory chips.^[12] MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s.^[8]

An integrated bipolar static random-access memory (SRAM) was invented by Robert H. Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963.^[13] It was followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964.^[8] Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced the SP95 memory chip for the System/360 Model 95.^[9]

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) allowed replacement of a 4 or 6-transistor latch circuit by a single transistor for each memory bit, greatly increasing memory density at the cost of volatility. Data was stored in the tiny capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away. Toshiba's Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator, which was introduced in 1965,^[14][15][16] used a form of capacitive bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete memory cells, consisting of germanium bipolar transistors and capacitors.^[15][16] In 1967, Robert H. Dennard of IBM filed a patent for a single-transistor MOS DRAM memory cell, using a MOSFET transistor.^[17] The first commercial DRAM IC chip was the Intel 1103, which was manufactured on an 8µm MOS process with a capacity of 1kb, and was released in 1970.^[8][18][19]

Synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) was developed by Samsung Electronics. The first commercial SDRAM chip was the Samsung KM48SL2000, which had a capacity of 16Mb.^[20] It was introduced by Samsung in 1992,^[21] and mass-produced in 1993.^[20] The first commercial DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) memory chip was Samsung's 64Mb DDR SDRAM chip, released in June 1998.^[22]GDDR (graphics DDR) is a form of DDR SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM), which was first released by Samsung as a 16Mb memory chip in 1998.^[23]

Types

The two widely used forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a six-transistor memory cell. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less dynamic power than DRAM. In modern computers, SRAM is often used as cache memory for the CPU. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair, which together comprise a DRAM cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers.

Both static and dynamic RAM are considered volatile, as their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. By contrast, read-only memory (ROM) stores data by permanently enabling or disabling selected transistors, such that the memory cannot be altered. Writeable variants of ROM (such as EEPROM and flash memory) share properties of both ROM and RAM, enabling data to persist without power and to be updated without requiring special equipment. These persistent forms of semiconductor ROM include USB flash drives, memory cards for cameras and portable devices, and solid-state drives. ECC memory (which can be either SRAM or DRAM) includes special circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults (memory errors) in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes.

In general, the term RAM refers solely to solid-state memory devices (either DRAM or SRAM), and more specifically the main memory in most computers. In optical storage, the term DVD-RAM is somewhat of a misnomer since, unlike CD-RW or DVD-RW it does not need to be erased before reuse. Nevertheless, a DVD-RAM behaves much like a hard disc drive if somewhat slower.

Memory cell

The memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it.

In SRAM, the memory cell is a type of flip-flop circuit, usually implemented using FETs. This means that SRAM requires very low power when not being accessed, but it is expensive and has low storage density.

A second type, DRAM, is based around a capacitor. Charging and discharging this capacitor can store a '1' or a '0' in the cell. However, the charge in this capacitor slowly leaks away, and must be refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh process, DRAM uses more power, but it can achieve greater storage densities and lower unit costs compared to SRAM.

Addressing

To be useful, memory cells must be readable and writeable. Within the RAM device, multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry is used to select memory cells. Typically, a RAM device has a set of address lines A0.. An, and for each combination of bits that may be applied to these lines, a set of memory cells are activated. Due to this addressing, RAM devices virtually always have a memory capacity that is a power of two.

Usually several memory cells share the same address. For example, a 4 bit 'wide' RAM chip has 4 memory cells for each address. Often the width of the memory and that of the microprocessor are different, for a 32 bit microprocessor, eight 4 bit RAM chips would be needed.

Often more addresses are needed than can be provided by a device. In that case, external multiplexors to the device are used to activate the correct device that is being accessed.

Memory hierarchy

One can read and over-write data in RAM. Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of processor registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as 'RAM' by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times, violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank, channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that access time to rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible average access performance while minimizing the total cost of the entire memory system (generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom).

In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or when changing needs demand more storage capacity. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system.

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Other uses of RAM

In addition to serving as temporary storage and working space for the operating system and applications, RAM is used in numerous other ways.

Virtual memory

Most modern operating systems employ a method of extending RAM capacity, known as 'virtual memory'. A portion of the computer's hard drive is set aside for a paging file or a scratch partition, and the combination of physical RAM and the paging file form the system's total memory. (For example, if a computer has 2 GB of RAM and a 1 GB page file, the operating system has 3 GB total memory available to it.) When the system runs low on physical memory, it can 'swap' portions of RAM to the paging file to make room for new data, as well as to read previously swapped information back into RAM. Excessive use of this mechanism results in thrashing and generally hampers overall system performance, mainly because hard drives are far slower than RAM.

RAM disk

Software can 'partition' a portion of a computer's RAM, allowing it to act as a much faster hard drive that is called a RAM disk. A RAM disk loses the stored data when the computer is shut down, unless memory is arranged to have a standby battery source.

Shadow RAM

Sometimes, the contents of a relatively slow ROM chip are copied to read/write memory to allow for shorter access times. The ROM chip is then disabled while the initialized memory locations are switched in on the same block of addresses (often write-protected). This process, sometimes called shadowing, is fairly common in both computers and embedded systems.

As a common example, the BIOS in typical personal computers often has an option called “use shadow BIOS” or similar. When enabled, functions that rely on data from the BIOS's ROM instead use DRAM locations (most can also toggle shadowing of video card ROM or other ROM sections). Depending on the system, this may not result in increased performance, and may cause incompatibilities. For example, some hardware may be inaccessible to the operating system if shadow RAM is used. On some systems the benefit may be hypothetical because the BIOS is not used after booting in favor of direct hardware access. Free memory is reduced by the size of the shadowed ROMs.^[24]

Recent developments

Several new types of non-volatile RAM, which preserve data while powered down, are under development. The technologies used include carbon nanotubes and approaches utilizing Tunnel magnetoresistance. Amongst the 1st generation MRAM, a 128 KiB (128 × 2¹⁰ bytes) chip was manufactured with 0.18 µm technology in the summer of 2003.^{[citation needed]} In June 2004, Infineon Technologies unveiled a 16 MiB (16 × 2²⁰ bytes) prototype again based on 0.18 µm technology. There are two 2nd generation techniques currently in development: thermal-assisted switching (TAS)^[25] which is being developed by Crocus Technology, and spin-transfer torque (STT) on which Crocus, Hynix, IBM, and several other companies are working.^[26]Nantero built a functioning carbon nanotube memory prototype 10 GiB (10 × 2³⁰ bytes) array in 2004. Whether some of these technologies can eventually take significant market share from either DRAM, SRAM, or flash-memory technology, however, remains to be seen.

Since 2006, 'solid-state drives' (based on flash memory) with capacities exceeding 256 gigabytes and performance far exceeding traditional disks have become available. This development has started to blur the definition between traditional random-access memory and 'disks', dramatically reducing the difference in performance.

Some kinds of random-access memory, such as 'EcoRAM', are specifically designed for server farms, where low power consumption is more important than speed.^[27]

Memory wall

The 'memory wall' is the growing disparity of speed between CPU and memory outside the CPU chip. An important reason for this disparity is the limited communication bandwidth beyond chip boundaries, which is also referred to as bandwidth wall. From 1986 to 2000, CPU speed improved at an annual rate of 55% while memory speed only improved at 10%. Given these trends, it was expected that memory latency would become an overwhelming bottleneck in computer performance.^[28]

CPU speed improvements slowed significantly partly due to major physical barriers and partly because current CPU designs have already hit the memory wall in some sense. Intel summarized these causes in a 2005 document.^[29]

First of all, as chip geometries shrink and clock frequencies rise, the transistor leakage current increases, leading to excess power consumption and heat.. Secondly, the advantages of higher clock speeds are in part negated by memory latency, since memory access times have not been able to keep pace with increasing clock frequencies. Third, for certain applications, traditional serial architectures are becoming less efficient as processors get faster (due to the so-called Von Neumann bottleneck), further undercutting any gains that frequency increases might otherwise buy. In addition, partly due to limitations in the means of producing inductance within solid state devices, resistance-capacitance (RC) delays in signal transmission are growing as feature sizes shrink, imposing an additional bottleneck that frequency increases don't address.

The RC delays in signal transmission were also noted in 'Clock Rate versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures'^[30] which projected a maximum of 12.5% average annual CPU performance improvement between 2000 and 2014.

A different concept is the processor-memory performance gap, which can be addressed by 3D integrated circuits that reduce the distance between the logic and memory aspects that are further apart in a 2D chip.^[31] Memory subsystem design requires a focus on the gap, which is widening over time.^[32] The main method of bridging the gap is the use of caches; small amounts of high-speed memory that houses recent operations and instructions nearby the processor, speeding up the execution of those operations or instructions in cases where they are called upon frequently. Multiple levels of caching have been developed to deal with the widening gap, and the performance of high-speed modern computers relies on evolving caching techniques.^[33] These can prevent the loss of processor performance, as it takes less time to perform the computation it has been initiated to complete.^[34] There can be up to a 53% difference between the growth in speed of processor speeds and the lagging speed of main memory access.^[35]

Solid-state hard drives have continued to increase in speed, from ~400 Mbit/s via SATA3 in 2012 up to ~3 GB/s via NVMe/PCIe in 2018, closing the gap between RAM and hard disk speeds, although RAM continues to be an order of magnitude faster, with single-lane DDR4 3200 capable of 25 GB/s, and modern GDDR even faster. Fast, cheap, non-volatile solid state drives have replaced some functions formerly performed by RAM, such as holding certain data for immediate availability in server farms - 1 Terabyte of SSD storage can be had for $200, while 1TB of RAM would cost thousands of dollars.^[36][37] Despite this, the speed of RAM is still a necessity for efficient computation on large, local data sets, such as analytics and machine learning, though not producing graphics for video games or VR.^[38]

Timeline

SRAM

DRAM

SDRAM

SGRAM and HBM

Dynamic Ram

See also

• CAS latency (CL)

References

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External links

• Media related to RAM at Wikimedia Commons

Random access memory is able to locate data in any order butserial access memory can only locate data in a sequence. Serialaccess memory will check the first memory cell for the data itneeds, if it doesn't have the data it needs then it moves to thenext memory cell until it finds the right data.

Differences between ROM and RAM?

ROM is read only memory which means that no one can modify or access it. RAM is random memory access which means it handles the applications & functioning.

What are the different computer memory types?

There are seven basic types of computer memory. These seven types would be Random Access Memory, Serial Access Memory, Dynamic Random Access Memory, Video Random Access Memory, Flash Memory, Shadow Random Access Memory, and Read Only Memory.

Differences between arbitary access and random access?

RAM or Random Access Memory is used for fast computer memory. The word 'Random' is a bit of a misnomer, as there is nothing random about access to this memory. What it actually means is that you can select an address at 'random', that is, any address within the capability of the memory, and read or write data to/from that address just as fast as you could read or write data to any other address…

What is the similarities and differences between main memory and flash memory?

Flash memory is a type of EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory) Main memory can be ROM (Read-Only Memory) or RAM (Random-Access Memory) Both store data.

What are similarities and differences between RAM and ROM?

Both random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM) are capacitated memory. RAM is randomly changeable. ROM is one to be read and the instructions followed.

Whats the difference between SDRAM and normal ram?

sd ram is synchronous dynamic random access memory, ram is just random access memory

What does the acronym RAM stand for?

Random Access Memory, the temporary or 'working' memory of a computer. (see the related question below) RAM stands for Random Access Memory. random access memory

What is the difference between static random access memory and dynamic random access memory?

It really depends if your question is geared towards hardware or software (simple, like VM'S).

What the difference between read only memory and random access memory?

Read-Only Memory (ROM) is locked to prevent the computer editing the contents. Random Access Memory (RAM) are the memory sticks that allow the computer to 'think' preforming actions.

What is the random operating memory?

There is no such thing. random access memory maybe? RAM ROM = Read Only Memory, not Random Operating Memory.

Ram full form?

RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory. Random Access Memory is the most commonly known type of computer memory.

Why the name is given as random access memory?

This is done as because you can access the memory at any random point i-e randomly.

What are similarities and differences of RAM and Eprom?

well they both refer to computer memory. but ram stands for random access memory which is magnetic and temporary. and ROM which is burned in and is permanent

What is the ram of a laptop?

ram for random access memory it can interface between hardisk and processor

What is the importance of random access memory?

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a volatile, but speedy computer memory, much quicker than using the hard drive.

What are two differences between RAM and ROM?

RAM, or random access memory is the temporary memory that the computer uses to perform its functions while being used. ROM, or read only memory. In its pure form, ROM is the data that is permanently written to a chip, that there is no way of overwriting.

Is hard disk random access memory or sequantial access memory?

A hard disk is a Sequential Access Memory device or SAM

What is Random accsess memory?

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is the computer's temporary storage of data.

What is the Random Acess Memory?

the speed of accessing something on a computer is called RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY.

What are the release dates for Random Access Memory - 2011?

Random Access Memory - 2011 was released on: USA: March 2011 (internet)

Differences among sequential access direct access?

the main difference between a sequential access and a direct access is that in seq. access you have to traverse whole data which you stored at first. and in direct access is that in which you can fetch any element from any position. direct access can be well understood by using a link list. in hardware also there is direct and sequential access; direct=RAM(Random Access Memory) seq.=SAM(sequential access memory)

Why do we need computer RAM?

Most modern computers use Random Access Memory for their main memory. However you don't need Random Access Memory, Sequential Access Memory is perfectly adequate and has been used in many computers in the past for main memory (it just happens to be much slower to access than Random Access Memory as you need to wait for the location to come around again).

What does MB RAM means?

'Megabytes of Random Access Memory' Random access memory is the high speed, volatile, internal computer memory which your computer uses to process applications.

What is Battery Backup Random Access Memory?

Random Access Memory is volital without power. Batteries are needed to back up power supplies to maintance it's memory.

Read Only Memory And Random Access Memory

The main difference between sdram and dram is that dram is?

The main difference between Synchronous random access memory, SDRAM and Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM is that SDRAM is synchronous while DRAM is asynchronous. As such, SDRAM is efficient in retrieving and storing data than DRAM.

What are the differences between direct access and random access?

Direct access means going straight to the record you want,and random access means pick data randomly and then find that data which you required. http://wiki.answers.com/Difference_between_direct_and_sequential_access#ixzz1685bfqda

What the difference between read-only memory and random access memory?

read only memory - information stored on R.O.M is permanent and cannot be deleted, but can only be accessed or read. random access memory-is volatile[rebooted,started up again] all the information that is held in R.A.M will be lost.

What is the difference between random access and direct access?

With the help of direct access you can access data store on your storage media or RAM directly from that memory address without the help of the main processor. The direct memory access controller performs accesses between memory addresses and port addresses so the CPU doesn't have to be involved. However, the DMA controller and the CPU cannot access the memory at the same time. Random access means being able to read or write as…

Random Access Memory Daft Punk

What actors and actresses appeared in Random Access Memory - 2011?

Function Random Access Memory

The cast of Random Access Memory - 2011 includes: Aurora Rundquist as Eliza

What does read access memory do?

I presume you mean Random Access Memory (RAM)? This is used for short term storage of program and data on computers. It's known as random access memory because the computer can access any part of the RAM (as opposed to sequential access memory which can only be accessed sequentially).

Difference Between Serial And Random Access Memory Typescript